![]() The prefrontal cortex is associated with the vagal function, which is easily measured by heart rate variability (HRV) (variation in the beat-to-beat interval) ( Thayer et al., 2012). This process is extremely relevant in chess because players always have to plan and decide their next move ( Koechlin and Hyafil, 2007). One of the most relevant functions of the prefrontal cortex is the decision-making. Chess has been proposed as a useful tool to improve mathematical problem-solving abilities due to the cognitive processes involved in the game ( Kazemi et al., 2012 Sala et al., 2015). Moreover, skills as logic, intellectual capacity and mathematical problem-solving are required in chess players ( Aciego et al., 2012 Kazemi et al., 2012 Bart, 2014 Lin et al., 2015 Mathy et al., 2016 Sala et al., 2017). This is supported by complex visual processing outside of conscious awareness ( Kiesel et al., 2009). This database can be used as working memory, increasing the processing capacities of chess players ( Guida et al., 2012). Gobet and Simon (1998) suggested that expert chess players have a large database of chunks ( Chase and Simon, 1973) stored in their long-term memory. The game of chess has been traditionally used for the study of basic cognitive processes (memory or problem solving) ( Amidzic et al., 2006 Troubat et al., 2009) where the executive function plays an important role ( Elkies and Stanley, 2003). Non-linear HRV indexes seem to be more reactive to tasks difficulty, being an interesting and useful tool in chess training. In addition, HRV was significantly higher in the high performance group than in the low performance group during chess problems.Ĭonclusion: An increase in autonomic modulation was observed to meet the cognitive demands of the problems, being higher while the difficulty of the tasks increased. A decrease in HRV was observed in both groups when chess problems difficulty increased. Results: Friedman test showed a significant effect of tasks in HRV indexes and perceived difficulty, stress and complexity in both high and low performance groups. Participants were classified according to their results into two groups: high performance or low performance. Methods: A total of 16 male chess players, age: 35.19 (13.44) and ELO: 1927.69 (167.78) were analyzed while six chess problem solving tasks with different level of difficulty were conducted (two low level, two medium level and two high level chess problems). ![]() During the chess problems, HRV was also monitored, and immediately after chess problems the subjective stress, difficulty and complexity were also registered. Objective: To analyze modifications on HRV and subjective perception of stress, difficulty and complexity in different chess problem tasks.ĭesign: HRV was assessed at baseline. This could indicate the possibility of HRV predicting cognitive performance, but this association is still unclear in a high cognitive load sport such as chess. In cognitive tasks, HRV was reduced in participants who achieved worse results. 6Grupo de Investigación Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombiaīackground: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a measure of heart-brain interaction and autonomic modulation, and it is modified by cognitive and attentional tasks.5Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.4Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain.3Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.2Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile.1Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain. ![]() Olivares 2,4 and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez 5,6 Fuentes-García 1, Santos Villafaina 1*, Daniel Collado-Mateo 1,2, Ricardo de la Vega 3, Pedro R.
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